0. For most verbs, simply add "-ing" to the base form.
1. If a verb ends in a silent 'e', drop the 'e' before adding "-ing." :: Example: make > making
2. For verbs ending in -ie, change the -ie to -y before adding "-ing." :: Example: die > dying
3. If a one-syllable verb ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) pattern, double the final consonant before adding "-ing." :: Example: run > running
4. In British English, double the final 'l' in two-syllable verbs that end in 'l' (e.g., travel > travelling).
5. In American English, do not double the 'l' (e.g., travel > traveling).
0. For most verbs, add -s to the base form :: Example: He runs.
1. If the verb ends in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z, add -es instead of just -s :: Examples: He watches. She misses.
2. If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, change -y to -ies :: Examples: He carries. She worries.
3. If the verb ends in a vowel + -y, simply add -s :: Example: He plays.
3rd Person Singular Irregular Verbs
be > is
have > has
do > does
go > goes
Modal Verbs do not take -s on the 3rd person singular
can, must, should, may, might, shall, will) do not take -s in the third person singular :: Example: He can swim.
Quick literal “cheat-sheet” summary (most accurate one-line translations) from Grok.
Qal: he did the action
Niphal: he was done / he did it to himself
Piel: he did the action intensively / to many objects / he “piel-ed”
Pual: he was intensively done
Hiphil: he caused (someone) to do the action
Hophal: he was caused to do the action Weingreen's grammar agrees!
Hithpael: he did it to himself / they did it to each other / he kept doing it
"This is the traditional, stem-internal logic: the Hophal passivizes the causative event itself, not the underlying Qal action."
These are the most literal, non-paraphrased renderings you can give in English while staying faithful to the grammatical function of each binyan (verbal stem/aspect derived from the root).
Qal: he loves
Niphal: he is loved
Piel: he loves!
Pual: he is loved!
Hiphil: he causes to love
Hophal: he is caused to love
Hithpael: he loves himself
Hothpaal: he makes himself loved
Polel: he loves!
Polal: he is loved!
Poel: he loves!
Poal: he is loved!
Pilpel: he loves!
Pulal: he is loved!
Palpal: he loves
Pealal: he loves!
Pilel: he loves!
Hithpolel: he loves himself
Hithpalpel: he loves himself
Hishtaphel: he loves himself
Alternatively
Qal = Palpal: he loves
Niphal: he is loved
Piel = Polel = Poel = Pilpel = Pealal = Pilel: he loves!
Pual = Polal = Poal = Pulal: he is loved!
Hiphil: he causes to love
Hophal: he is caused to love
Hithpael = Hithpolel = Hithpalpel = Hishtaphel: he loves himself
Hothpaal: he makes himself loved
Grok: The names are usually based on the traditional paradigm verb פָּעַל (Pa'al = "to do/act"), and the English terms reflect either their typical grammatical function or their historical/literal name.
| Hebrew Stem | Typical Meaning/Function | |
| Qal | Simple active voice (basic meaning of the verb) | |
| Niphal | Passive or reflexive of Qal; sometimes middle or tolerative | |
| Piel | Intensive, causative, or denominative active | |
| Pual | Passive of Piel (intensive passive) | |
| Hiphil | Actively Causative | |
| Hophal | Passively Causative | |
| Hithpael | Reflexive or reciprocal of Piel; often iterative or pretensive | |
| Hothpaal | Rare passive/reflexive of Hiphil (or variant of Hithpael in late Hebrew) | Passive and reflexive is the consensus. |
| Polel | Intensive/repetitive form used for verbs with guttural or biliteral roots | i.e. like Piel - Weingreen confirms |
| Polal | Passive of Polel | i.e. like Pual - Weingreen confirms |
| Poel | Alternative intensive/repetitive active form (similar to Polel) | is like Piel - Google AI Confirms |
| Poal | Passive of Poel | i.e. like Pual - Google AI confirms |
| Pilpel | Intensive/repetitive form for biliteral or “hollow” roots (very productive in Late Hebrew) | i.e like Piel - google AI confirms |
| Pulal | Passive of Pilpel (rare) | i.e. like Pual - google AI confirms |
| Palpal | Rare variant of Qal | Google AI confirms |
| Pealal | Another rare intensive variant | like Piel - Google AI confirms |
| Pilel | Rare intensive form | like Piel - Google AI confirms. |
| Hithpolel | Reflexive of Polel | i.e. like Hithael - Weingreen confirms |
| Hithpalpel | Reflexive of Pilpel | i.e. like Hithpael - Googel AI confirms |
| Hishtaphel | Very rare reflexive/causative form (mostly in Aramaic-influenced late Hebrew; “to bow down in worship”) | i.e. like Hithpael - Google AI confirms. |
| Taphel | Extremely rare; appears in a few late or Aramaic-influenced forms (sometimes considered a variant of Hithpael) | TOO RARE |
| Nithpael | Late Hebrew name for the Aramaic Ithpeel; passive/reflexive (mostly in Aramaic sections) | TOO RARE |
Hebrew Pronoun Suffices in full: http://biblicalhebrewmadeeasy.weebly.com/blog/biblical-hebrew-made-easy-pronominal-suffixes
Present participle: Loving (he)
Past Participle: Loved (he)
Hebrew Duals: The masculine and feminine dual termination in Hebrew is ayim whereas the masculine plural termination is iym. But waters and heavens and noon which are grammatically dual appear to count/act as plurals. These are called frozen duals.